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CVE-2026-78119

Out-of-bounds write in the Nuvoton NPCX eSPI Target-Attached-Flash receive path from an unvalidated host-supplied packet length

CVSS score

6.3

EPSS probability

—

Risk score

0.6

Published

3 h ago

Official patch verified

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Vulnerability description

DayBreach AI Explanation

Verified against sources

Out-of-bounds Write Vulnerability in Nuvoton NPCX eSPI Driver

Sources read

1

Source agreement

Tam uyum

Evidence confidence

%55

Short explanation

An out-of-bounds write vulnerability in the Nuvoton NPCX eSPI driver caused by an unvalidated packet length can lead to controller memory corruption or crashes.

Why does it matter?

It crosses the trust boundary, leading to corruption of the driver state that gates flash protection regions or causing the controller to hang.

What should be done?

  • Follow the vendor advisory
  • Apply patches that widen counters and reject invalid packets
  • Integrate relevant updates and code fixes
Chain of evidence and sources2 verified claims

Nuvoton NPCX eSPI sürücüsü espi_taf_parse() fonksiyonunda doğrulanmamış paket uzunluğu işler.

Zafiyet yalnızca eSPI ana bilgisayar tarafındaki istekler üzerinden erişilebilirdir.

Show the technical text from the sources

The Nuvoton NPCX eSPI driver parses Target-Attached-Flash (TAF) requests in espi_taf_parse() (drivers/espi/espi_npcx.c), taking the 12-bit length field directly out of the request header in the FLASHRXBUF FIFO. For write and RPMC OP1 requests it copied DIV_ROUND_UP(len, 4) words into struct espi_taf_pckt.src, a fixed 16-word (64-byte) member of a static structure, without ever comparing the length against that buffer or against the negotiated eSPI receive payload size (rx-plsize, 64 bytes on all in-tree NPCX/NPCK SoCs). Both the loop counter and the word count were uint8_t, so the copy ran up to 255 iterations. An eSPI controller that emits a flash request whose header claims a payload larger than the negotiated maximum therefore drives up to 239 32-bit stores past the end of the structure — roughly 956 bytes of out-of-bounds write into .bss — from the eSPI flash receive interrupt handler, while the source reads walk past the end of the 18-word FLASHRXBUF register array into neighbouring eSPI registers. The same unvalidated length was then passed on to flash_write() in espi_taf_npcx_flash_write() with the 64-byte src buffer as source, reading up to 4 KB of adjacent controller SRAM into SPI flash at a host-chosen address, where the host can read it back. A related fixed-size stack buffer in taf_npcx_completion_handler() was overflowed by four bytes on the maximum-size completion path on SoCs whose tx-plsize is 64. The defect is reachable only from the eSPI host side, and only by a request that violates the negotiated payload size, so it requires host firmware or bus-level control rather than ordinary host software; a compliant maximum-length write fits the buffer exactly and is handled correctly. Because TAF exists specifically so that the embedded controller arbitrates host access to shared flash (espi_taf_check_read_protect() / espi_taf_check_write_protect()), corrupting controller memory from a host-supplied field crosses the trust boundary the feature asserts; consequences range from controller crash or hang to corruption of driver state that gates the flash protection regions. The fix widens the counters, rejects any request whose word count exceeds both ARRAY_SIZE(FLASHRXBUF) - NPCX_ESPI_FLASH_HEADER_ADDRESS_LEN and NPCX_TAF_RX_PAYLOAD_WORDS (derived from the devicetree rx-plsize), marks such packets with a new invalid_flag so espi_taf_work() answers them with an unsuccessful completion instead of processing them, bounds the transmit payload against FLASHTXBUF, and adds a default case for unsupported cycle types. Only configurations with CONFIG_ESPI_TAF enabled on an NPCX/NPCK target are affected; no in-tree board enables it by default.

CVSS vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:H

CWE: CWE-787

This explanation was compiled automatically from the source records. Scores, active exploitation, patch and exploit status come straight from the sources.

IMPACT: Affected Products and Software

Affected Products

The following products are affected by CVE-2026-78119 vulnerability. Where our threat engine knows the exact affected versions, they are listed below.

IDVENDORPRODUCTACTION
1zephyrprojectzephyr View
Total affected vendors: 1|Products: 1

RED HAT CSAF/VEX: Product Impact Check

Red Hat has not yet published a CSAF/VEX impact record for this CVE. This does not mean “not affected”.

SCORING: CVSS from Multiple Sources

CVSS Scores

The Common Vulnerability Scoring System is a standardised framework for assessing the severity of vulnerabilities in software and systems. We collect and display CVSS scores from several sources for each CVE.

SCOREVERSIONSEVERITYVECTORSOURCE
6.3CVSS V31MEDIUMCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:HNVD
6.3CVSS V3_1MEDIUMCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:HCVE CNA

Patch and Remediation Guide

Solution & Remediation Advisory

Patch verified

2 doğrulanmış yama veya düzeltilmiş sürüm kanıtı bulundu.

cvelist

Fix commit

Open source
reference

Fix commit

Open source
Confirm the affected product and version against the source evidence above.
Restrict access to internet-facing services and apply network segmentation.
Apply the official update named in the evidence only to the matching product and version.
Monitor server logs and network endpoints for signs of anomalous execution.

Public exploit and active exploitation status

Verified exploit intelligence

No verified public PoC, exploit repository or Metasploit module has been found for this CVE yet.

Weakness Classification and Attack Patterns (CWE & CAPEC)

CWE - Common Weakness Enumeration

While CVE identifies specific instances of vulnerabilities, CWE categorises the common flaws or weaknesses that can lead to vulnerabilities. CVE-2026-78119 is associated with the following CWEs:

Common Attack Pattern Enumeration and Classification (CAPEC)

Common Attack Pattern Enumeration and Classification (CAPEC) stores attack patterns, which are descriptions of the common attributes and approaches employed by adversaries to exploit the CVE-2026-78119 weaknesses.

Attack Vector and Accessibility

ExposureYerel erişim
PermissionsHigh
UserGerekmiyor

Official Sources and Advisories

CVSS Vector Radar Chart

6.3 / 10
Attack VectorLocalComplexityLowPrivilegesHighUser Interact.NoneConfidentialityLowIntegrityNoneAvailabilityHigh

Vulnerability Scoring Details

CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:H
Attack VectorLocal
Attack ComplexityLow
Privileges RequiredHigh privileges
User InteractionNone required
Confidentiality (Gizlilik)Low
Integrity (Bütünlük)None
Availability (Erişilebilirlik)High

Yama doğrulandı

2 doğrulanmış yama veya düzeltilmiş sürüm kanıtı bulundu.

Follow the vendor

Weakness Type (CWE & CAPEC)

Similar Vulnerabilities

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CVE-2026-78119 · Out-of-bounds write in the Nuvoton NPCX…